Characterization of Roasted Coffea arabica Species by the Relationship Between Caffeine and Diterpenes Contents

Abstract Commercial roasted and ground coffees are usually blends of Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora. Considering the differences in price and sensory characteristics between these two species, the identification of the presence of each species in commercial blends is of great interest. The aim of this study was to describe typical profiles of caffeine and diterpenes (kahweol and cafestol) contents and the ratios among these compounds to support the characterization of Coffea species in roasted coffees. 32 good cup quality Brazilian C. arabica coffees (from coffee quality contests) produced using different postharvest treatments were studied. All analysis were performed by HPLC. Higher ranges were observed in diterpene contents - kahweol varied from 1.75 to 10.68 g/kg (coefficient of variation of 510%) and cafestol from 1.76 to 9.66 g/kg (449%) - than caffeine, that varied from 5.1 to 16.2 g/kg (coefficient of variation of 218%). Wide ranges of the kahweol/cafestol ratio (0.63 to 2.77) and the caffeine/kahweol ratio (0.84 to 5.15) were also observed. Hence it was proposed the additional use of a new parameter, the ratio of caffeine/sum of diterpenes (kahweol + cafestol) that presents values from 0.54 to 2.39. The results indicated that the combined use of these parameters could be a potential tool for discriminating Coffea species in blends of roasted and ground coffee. It was proposed as potentially indicative of C. arabica: values of kahweol/cafestol ratio above 0.50, associated with caffeine/kahweol ratio lower than 5.50 and caffeine/sum of diterpenes ratio lower than 2.50.

Prevalence and factors associated to the use of illicit drugs and psychotropic medications among brazilian undergraduates

The aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of use of psychoactive substances (PS) and its associated factors in undergraduate students of a university in southern Brazil. The study was carried out with 830 undergraduate students in the year 2016. The individuals answered a self-administered questionnaire about the PS and its prevalence of daily use, in the last 30 days or at any time of their lives, as well as socioeconomic conditions and academic variables. Caffeine-based energy drinks was the most consumed psychoactive substance (96.3%) among undergraduates in the last 30 days, followed by alcohol (64.0%). Among the illicit drugs most consumed in the last 30 days was marijuana (17.3%), while anxiolytics and amphetamines were the most prevalent psychoactive medicaments in the last 30 days. The prevalence of lifetime illicit drugs used by these students was 41.5%, where we highlight besides marijuana (38.6%) the high consumption of cocaine (7.8%), ecstasy (9.3%) and solvents. Socioeconomic and demographic factors such as gender, have children, religion, and financial background as well as academic variables were associated to recent consumption of these substances. This study concluded there is a high prevalence of use of PS among the undergraduate students, including illicit drugs.

Ecotoxicological risk assessment due to the presence of bisphenol A and caffeine in surface waters in the Sinos River Basin - Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil / Risco ecotoxicológico devido à presença de bisfenol A e cafeína nas águas superficiais na Bacia do Rio Sinos - Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil

Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA) is an emerging contaminant, regularly detected in aquatic ecosystems, considered as an endocrine disrupting compound (EDC). Caffeine is another chemical related to human activity, often found in surface waters. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ecotoxicological risk due to BPA and caffeine in water samples from the Sinos River basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Water samples were collected at three sites monthly from May 9 th, 2016 to April 11th, 2017 (n = 36). BPA concentrations in water samples collected were in the range of not detected to 517 ng L-1 and caffeine concentrations in the range of 41.7 to 28,439.6 ng L-1. The concentration of BPA in the analyzed samples had a moderate correlation with caffeine (rs = 0.402). High ecotoxicological risk for BPA was characterized in 77.77% of samples, with 11.11% presenting medium and 11.1% presenting low risk. For caffeine 13.9%, 50% and 36.11% of the samples presented high, medium and low risk, respectively. Caffeine concentrations in water can be used as predictors of BPA concentrations above 10 ng L-1, the lower concentration of ecotoxicological risk, with specificity of 66.7% and sensitivity of 70.4%. The assessment of aquatic risks has shown that both investigated compounds pose risks to organisms in the studied surface waters, mouth of the Pampa stream, mouth of the Luiz Rau stream and catchment point for public supply in Lomba Grande.

Resumo Bisfenol A (BPA) é um contaminante emergente regularmente detectado em ecossistemas aquáticos, é considerado um agente modificador endócrino (EDC). Além disso, outro produto químico relacionado com atividade humana, encontrado com frequência nas águas superficiais, é a cafeína. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de risco ecotoxicológico devido a BPA e cafeína em amostras de água da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Sinos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foram coletadas amostras de água em três locais mensalmente no período de 9 de maio de 2016 a 11 de abril de 2017 (n = 36). As concentrações de BPA em amostras de água coletadas estavam na faixa de não detectada a 517 ng L-1 e concentrações de cafeína na faixa de 41,7 a 28,439,6 ng L-1. A concentração de BPA nas amostras analisadas apresentou correlação moderada com a cafeína (rs = 0,402). Alto risco ecotoxicológico para BPA foi caracterizado em 77,77% das amostras, com 11,11% apresentando médio e 11,1% apresentando baixo risco. Para cafeína 13,9%, 50% e 36,11% das amostras apresentaram risco alto, médio e baixo, respectivamente. Concentrações de cafeína em água podem ser utilizadas como preditoras de concentrações de BPA acima de 10 ng L-1, menor concentração de risco ecotoxicológico, com especificidade de 66,7% e sensibilidade de 70,4%. A avaliação dos riscos aquáticos revelou que ambos os compostos investigados representam risco para os organismos nas águas superficiais estudadas, foz do arroio Pampa, foz do arroio Luiz Rau e ponto de captação para abastecimento público em Lomba Grande.

Nanoemulsion containing caffeine for cellulite treatment: characterization and in vitro evaluation

The Ginoide Hydrolipodystrophy (GHLD), commonly known as cellulite, occurs in 80-90% of the female population after the puberty period and comes from a metabolic modification in the cutaneous adipose tissue. Caffeine has been used in topical formulations due to its lipolytic action. We studied a nanoemulsion (F3) containing caffeine with two surfactants (oleth-3 and oleth-20) by emulsification method by phase inversion temperature inversion (PIT). The polydispersion indices (PDI) showed the reduced deviation of 0.1. The mean droplet size was ~ 40 nm. The evaluated constant of Ostwald, in the refrigerator condition was the most favorable during the stability test. In the In Raman spectroscopy assay, the caffeine bands found in F3 were compatible with those found in the caffeine solution (1337, 652.5 and 558.2 cm-1). There was no interaction of caffeine anhydrous with other ingredients in nanoemulsion. In the in vitro safety assay the result of 1.4 ranked the F3 as slightly irritating. In the natural membrane, cutaneous permeation test (human skin) permeate concentrations did not exceed the saturation concentration of the PBS buffer (48.96 µg/3 mL). The caffeine solution and F3 permeated statistically equal, but the nanoemulsion visually and sensorially improved the caffeine precipitation.

The effects of different doses of caffeine on performance, rating of perceived exertion and pain perception in teenagers female karate athletes

ABSTRACT The present study set to examine the effects of different doses of caffeine on performance, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and pain perception in female teenager athletes of karate. Ten female karate athletes (16.8±1.23 years; height 1.59±0.28 m; body-mass 57.73±8.33 kg; BMI 22.71±3.05 kg/m2) participated in the study. A double-blind, randomized, and crossover counterbalanced design was used. In three sessions (with an interval of seven days'), ten female karate athletes ingested low dose (2 mg/kg), moderate dose (5 mg/kg) caffeine, and placebo. Sixty minutes after consumption, they performed the tests as below: one repetition maximum and 60% of one repetition maximum in the leg press, explosive power test, and anaerobic RAST test. After the tests, the participants' RPE (6-20 scale) and pain perception (0-10 scale) were recorded using various categorical scales. The results showed that caffeine ingestion at moderate dose significantly reduced RPE and pain perception values compared with the placebo during muscular endurance test (P=0.0001 and P=0.039, respectively). The findings suggest that caffeine dose of 5 mg/kg body mass appears to improve RPE and pain perception in female teenager athletes of karate. The dose of 2 mg/kg body mass does not confer any additional improvement in performance.

Efeitos da ingestão de cafeína durante a gestação e a lactação sobre a pele de ratas e de filhotes e sua relação com as concentrações séricas do cortisol materno / Effects of caffeine intake during pregnancy and lactation on the skin of rats and offspring and their relationship to maternal serum concentrations of cortisol

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar os efeitos da ingestão materna de diferentes doses de cafeína durante a gestação e a lactação, na pele de ratas-mães e filhotes, bem como sua relação com as concentrações séricas do cortisol materno. Vinte e quatro ratas Wistar adultas foram distribuídas em quatro grupos, representados pelo controle e tratados, com cafeína nas doses de 25, 50 e 100mg/kg. Os grupos tratados receberam cafeína por sonda orogástrica durante toda a gestação e a lactação. O controle recebeu água destilada como placebo. Foram avaliados e quantificados os diferentes tipos de folículos pilosos e a espessura da epiderme. A técnica de imuno-histoquímica, com o uso do anticorpo anti-CDC47, foi utilizada para avaliar a proliferação celular da epiderme e dos folículos pilosos das mães. Na mãe, também foram mensurados os níveis séricos de cortisol pela técnica da quimioluminescência. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância com comparação das médias pelos testes Kruskal-Wallis e SNK. Nos grupos tratados com cafeína nas doses de 25 e 50mg/kg, tanto as mães quanto seus filhotes apresentaram hipotricose e/ou alopecia focal. Apesar de a frequência de alterações macroscópicas das mães ter sido superior a dos filhotes, nestes as lesões, quando presentes, foram difusas. A análise histológica demonstrou calcinose de folículos pilosos nas mães e nos filhotes. Mas a morfometria somente revelou diferença significativa no número de folículos pilosos das mães, bem como redução significativa da proliferação celular dos folículos pilosos do grupo tratado com 50mg/kg de cafeína. Os níveis de cortisol materno somente foram significativamente elevados no grupo tratado com 100mg/kg de cafeína. Conclui-se que a cafeína ingerida pelas ratas gestantes e lactantes pode causar lesões cutâneas tanto nas mães quanto nos filhotes, caracterizadas por hipotricose e/ou alopecia, independentemente dos níveis séricos do cortisol materno.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and lactation on the skin of rats and their offspring, as well as their relationship to maternal serum levels of cortisol. 24 adult Wistar rats were equally divided into four groups represented by the control and treated with caffeine at doses of 25, 50 and 100mg/kg. The groups received caffeine by orogastric tube during the entire pregnancy and lactation. The control received distilled water as placebo. Different types of hair follicles and the thickness of the epidermis were assessed and quantified. Immunohystochemistry technique using antibody anti-CDC47 was used to evaluate cellular proliferation of the epidermis and hair follicles of the mothers. Also in the mothers, serum levels of cortisol were measured by the chemiluminescence technique. Data were submitted to analysis of variance comparing mediums by Kruskall Wallis Test and SNK. In groups treated with caffeine 25 and 50mg/kg, both mothers and their puppies had focal alopecia and/or hypotrichosis. Despite the higher frequency of macroscopic changes on the mothers, these lesions were diffuse when present on the puppies. Histological analysis showed calcinosis of hair follicles in the mothers and their puppies. But morphometry revealed significant difference in the number of hair follicles from mothers, as well as a significant reduction of cell proliferation of hair follicles in the group treated with 50mg/kg of caffeine. Maternal cortisol levels were significantly elevated in the group treated with 100mg/kg of caffeine. It is concluded that caffeine intake by pregnant and lactating rats can cause skin lesions in both the mothers and their offspring, characterized by alopecia and/or hypotrichosis, regardless of serum levels of maternal cortisol.

Caffeine as an indicator of human fecal contamination in the Sinos River: a preliminary study / Cafeína como um indicador de contaminação fecal humana no rio dos Sinos: um estudo preliminar

The preservation of hydric resources is directly related to fecal contamination monitoring, in order to allow the development of strategies for the management of polluting sources. In the present study, twenty-five water samples from six water public supply collection sites were used for the evaluation of the presence of caffeine, total and fecal coliforms. Caffeine was detected in all samples, with concentrations ranging from 0.15 ng mL^–1 to 16.72 ng mL^–1. Total coliforms were detected in all samples, with concentrations in the range of 52 NMP/100 mL to higher than 24196 NMP/100 mL, whether the concentration range for fecal coliforms was in the range of below 1 NMP/100 mL to 7800 NMP/100 mL. No significant correlation was found between total coliforms and caffeine concentrations (rs = 0.35, p = 0.09). However, a moderate correlation between fecal coliforms and caffeine concentrations was found (rs = 0.412, p <0.05), probably indicating a human source for these bacteria. Caffeine determination in water may be a useful strategy to evaluate water contamination by human fecal waste.

A preservação dos recursos hídricos está diretamente relacionada ao monitoramento da contaminação fecal, no intuito de possibilitar o desenvolvimento de estratégias apropriadas para a gestão das fontes poluidoras. No presente estudo, vinte e cinco amostras de água de seis pontos de captação de água para abastecimento público foram utilizadas para análise da presença de cafeína, de coliformes totais e de coliformes termotolerantes. Cafeína foi detectada em todas as amostras coletadas nos diferentes locais de amostragem, com intervalo de concentração entre 0,15 ng mL^–1 e 16,72 ng mL^–1. Coliformes totais foram detectados em todas as amostras analisadas, com concentrações variando de 52 NMP/100 mL a concentrações maiores que 24196 NMP/100 mL, enquanto a faixa de variação de concentração de coliformes termotolerantes variou de menos de 1 NMP/100 mL a 7800 NMP/100 mL. Não foi verificada correlação significativa entre coliformes totais e cafeína (rs = 0.35, p = 0.09), no entanto foi observada correlação moderada entre coliformes termotolerantes e cafeína (rs = 0.412, p <0.05), o que pode indicar uma provável fonte humana destas bactérias. A determinação de cafeína em amostras de água pode ser uma ferramenta útil para avaliar a contaminação com resíduos fecais humanos.

The testis of the mice C57/BL6 offspring in adulthood have alterations due to maternal caffeine consumption

To investigate the effects of the maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy to adult male testis mice offspring. METHODS: Twenty pregnant mice were divided into control group (c) and caffeine group (cf). dams received daily saline or 20 mg/kg of caffeine subcutaneously. Male offspring were monitored daily until 13th week. The testis were used to evaluate both the proliferation (pcna) and apoptosis (bax); leptin receptor (ob-r); aromatase; follicle stimulating hormone (fshr), luteinizing hormone (lhr) and androgen receptors (ar); steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (star); vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) and estrogen receptors (erα and erβ) by western blotting. Serum concentrations of testosterone, estradiol and leptin were measured. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in food intake and the body mass gain (p<0.05) in the cf ; pcna (p=0.01), fshr (p=0.02), star (p=0.0007), vegf (p=0.009), ar (p=0.03) in the cf. while an increase were note in bax (p=0.01), ob-r (p=0.02), lhr (p=0.04) and in the aromatase (p=0.03) in the cf. only erα and erβ were not changed by maternal caffeine. The serum testosterone levels in the cf offspring were 90% lower than in the c offspring (p=0.04). CONCLUSION: Maternal caffeine consumption has a role and alters the testis of the offspring in adulthood.

Antioxidant capacity, phenolic acids and caffeine contents of some commercial coffees available on the Romanian market / Capacidad antioxidante, contenido de ácidos fenólicos y cafeína de algunos tipos de café disponibles en el mercado de Rumania

In the present study a simple and highly sensitive RP-HPLC method has been established for simultaneous determination of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid and caffeine in coffee samples. The method has been applied to eight different coffees available on the Romanian market which were previously analysed concerning the total polyphenols content and antioxidant capacity. Reduction of the DPPH radical was used to determine the antioxidant capacity of the coffee extracts while the total polyphenols content was determined by spectrophotometry (Folin Ciocalteu's method). The total polyphenols content ranged from 1.98 g GAE/100 g to 4.19 g GAE/100 g while the caffeine content ranged from 1.89 g/100 g to 3.05 g/100 g. A large variability was observed in chlorogenic acid content of the investigated coffee samples which ranged between 0.6 and 2.32 g/100 g.

En este trabajo, un método sensible RPHPLC fue desarrollado para la determinación simultánea del ácido clorogénico, del ácido cafeico, del ácido vanílico y de la cafeína en las pruebas de café. El método fue aplicado para analizar ocho tipos de café disponibles en el mercado de Rumania, que fueron analizados también en cuanto al contenido total de polifenoles y la capacidad antioxidante. La reducción del radical DPPH fue utilizada para determinar la capacidad antioxidante de los extractos de café mientras que el contenido total de polifenoles fue determinado por la espectrofotometría (método Folin Ciocalteu). El contenido total de polifenoles se situó entre 1,98 g GAE/100 g y 4.19 g GAE/100 g mientras que el contenido de cafeína se situó entre 1.89 g/100 g y 3.05 g/100 g. Una gran variabilidad se observó con respecto al contenido de ácido clorogénico en las pruebas de café analizadas, contenido que se situó entre 0.6 y 2.32 g/100 g.

Study of sensory-motor and somatic development of the offspring of rats (wistar) treated with caffeine / Estudo da sensório-motora e desenvolvimento somático da prole de ratos (wistar) tratados com cafeína

The influence of caffeine, administered to rats, on the somatic and sensory-motor development of the offspring was investigated. Female Wistar rats were divided into a control group and a treated group and received drinking water and a 0.1 percent solution of caffeine orally, respectively. The offspring, also divided into a control group and a treated group, received daily monitoring until the 20th day of life to verify alterations in somatic neural development. The offspring of the treated group had reduced weight on the day of birth and on the 1st, 5th, 15th and 20th days of life; shorter snout-anus length (evaluation done daily); shorter snout-tail length on the day of birth and on the 1st, 5th and 10th days of life, and signs of retardation of somatic and sensory-motor maturation. These results allowed the conclusion that administration of caffeine to rats affects somatic and sensory-motor development of offspring.

Estudou-se a influência da cafeína, administrada a ratos, no desenvolvimento somático e sensorial-motor da prole. Ratos Wistar fêmeas foram divididos em grupo controle e grupo tratado e receberam água e solução de cafeína a 0,1 por cento, respectivamente. A prole, também dividida em grupo controle e grupo tratado, foi monitorada diariamente até o 20º. dia de vida para se observar as alterações no desenvolvimento somático neural. O grupo tratado apresentou peso reduzido no dia do nascimento e nos 1º, 5º., 15º e 20º. dias de vida; comprimento focinho-ânus mais curto (avaliação efetuada diariamente); comprimento focinho-cauda mais curto no dia do nascimento e nos 1º, 5º., 15º e 20º. dias de vida e sinais de retardamento da maturação somática e sensorial-motora. Esses resultados permitem que se conclua que a administração da cafeína a ratos afeta o desenvolvimento somático e sensorial-motor da prole.

[Agro ecological factors affecting chemical contents and quality of Yemeni coffee]

For studying the quality of Yemeni green coffee and the impact of environemental and cultural condations, seventeen samples of coffee fruits have been sampled from main regions of coffee productions. Green coffee has been evaluated for chemical characterizations such as water content, caffeine, trigonellin, chlorogenic acids, fat, and sucrose contents. etc. These analysis were conducted in the Chemical Technology Laboratory of CIRAD [Centre de Cooperation International en Recherche Agronomique pour Ie Developpement], Montpellier-France. Areas of production influencing the quality of coffee and non-irrigated coffee in marginal rainfall areas usually show the greatest seasonal quality on coffee quality. The best quality is obtained from selective picking in which only red ripe cherries are gathered, by hand in successive picking rounds until most of the crop has been harvested. High variations of chemical composition of coffee have been observed between samples collected from different regions of coffee production, which reflect the high effects of cultural, post harvesting treatments and climate conditions of coffee growing area on coffee quality. The principal result's of these analysis are presented and discussed in relation to the orighm of samples and the effect of cultural, environmental and possessing conditions on coffee quality. Recommendations and actions to be undertaken in different level of coffee production for preserving and improving coffee quality in Yemen were discussed

Contribuição do guaraná em pó (Paullinia cupana) como fonte de cafeína na dieta / Contribution of guaraná powder (Paullinia cupana) as a source of caffeine in the diet

OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar os teores de cafeína em diferentes marcas de guaraná em pó disponíveis comercialmente. MÉTODOS: A metodologia analítica utilizada envolveu as etapas de extração com água, limpeza da amostra com acetato de chumbo e determinação por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector de arranjo de diodos (200-400nm). Foram analisadas 39 amostras adquiridas nas cidades de Campinas e Ribeirão Preto, SP, entre dezembro de 2003 e janeiro de 2004. RESULTADOS: Os teores de cafeína nas amostras apresentaram grande variabilidade, situando-se na faixa de 9,52 a 36,71mg/g de pó, isso se deve, possivelmente, às diferenças de procedência e processo a que a matéria-prima foi submetida. Comparando-se com o pó de café, fonte tradicional de cafeína na dieta, verifica-se que o teor médio de cafeína encontrado no guaraná em pó, dependendo da marca considerada, pode ser até quatro vezes maior. CONCLUSÃO: Entre os consumidores de guaraná em pó esse produto pode ser considerado uma importante fonte de cafeína na dieta, e sua associação com demais produtos que contêm cafeína sugere que seu consumo deve ser controlado, uma vez que controvérsias persistem quanto à dose segura de ingestão da cafeína.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was conducted in order to determine the caffeine levels in different brands of commercially available guaraná powder. METHODS: The analytical methodology involved extraction with water, clean-up with saturated basic lead acetate solution and determination by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (200-400nm). 39 samples were purchased in the cities of Campinas and Ribeirão Preto, SP, between December 2003 and January 2004 and analyzed. RESULTS: The caffeine levels in the samples varied widely ranging from 9.52 to 36.71mg/g, probably due to differences in the origin of the raw material and to the types of processing that the guaraná seeds are submitted to. In comparison to coffee, traditional source of caffeine in the diet, it is possible to verify that the average caffeine content in guaraná powder is about four times higher than the quantities present in coffee. CONCLUSION: Among guaraná powder consumers, this product may be considered as an important source of caffeine in the diet. The association with other products containing caffeine suggests that the guaraná powder consumption should be controlled as the debate regarding caffeine's safe dose of intake remains.

Caffeine as an environmental indicator for assessing urban aquatic ecosystems

Este estudo visou avaliar a co-ocorrência de cafeína e a extensão de sua influência frente a outros parâmetros tradicionais de qualidade de água (microbiológicos e físico-químicos), de modo a caracterizá-la como um eficiente indicador de poluição de origem antrópica em ambientes aquáticos urbanos. Cafeína é um componente de uma variedade de bebidas (café, chá e bebidas cafeinadas) e de numerosos produtos alimentícios (chocolate, massas e sobremesas). Embora o corpo humano seja eficiente na metabolização deste estimulante, entre 0,5-10,0% são excretados, principalmente na urina. A análise de amostras da Bacia Hidrográfica da Leopoldina e Baía de Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, revelou uma significante diferença entre áreas não comumente afetadas por enriquecimento de nutrientes ou esgoto, contra áreas cronicamente influenciadas por descargas de esgoto e eutrofização elevada. O monitoramento de cafeína será fundamental em ambientes aquáticos urbanos estressados, onde freqüentes rupturas acidentais de linhas de esgoto e descargas de efluentes não-tratados impedem a efetividade de avaliação da qualidade hídrica com os indicadores recomendados.

Consumo de cafeína e de alimentos - fonte de cafeína e prematuridade: um estudo caso - controle / Caffeine intake and food sources of caffeine and prematurity: a case - control study

A cafeína (1,3,7-trimetilxantina) é um alcalóide que facilmente atravessa a barreira placentária podendo interferir no crescimento e desenvolvimento das células fetais e comprometer a oxigenação fetal. Considerando o amplo consumo de alimentos que contêm cafeína no Brasil, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a associação entre o consumo total de cafeína e de alimentos-fonte de cafeína com a prematuridade. Um estudo caso-controle de 140 casos (recém-nascidos com idade gestacional inferior a 37 semanas de gestação) e 162 controles (recém-nascidos com 37 semanas ou mais) avaliou o consumo de cafeína durante a gravidez. Para se medir o consumo utilizou-se um questionário de freqüência alimentar, semi-quantitativo, baseado nos seguintes alimentos: café, chá mate e chocolate em pó. O consumo total de cafeína e de alimentos-fonte de cafeína durante a gravidez não foram associados à prematuridade, com a maioria das mulheres tendo consumido menos que 300mg/dia. O consumo de cafeína observado no presente estudo não suporta recomendações contra o consumo de cafeína em gestantes brasileiras.

Quality of cocaine seized in 1997 in the street-drug market of São Paulo city, Brazil

Street drugs when in great demand in an illicit market become not only more expensive but are also subject to extensive adulteration and dilution. These fraudulent practices may also contribute to the amplification of toxic effects observed in the abuse of certain drugs including cocaine hydrochloride. The number of seizures reflects the increase of illicit use of cocaine powder in the city of S.Paulo, where the identity of the suspected drug is its hydrochloride form. Routine analytical procedures in enforcement laboratories in Brazil now comprise techniques involving thin layer chromatography for presumptive identification of the drug and eventually gas chromatography for its confirmation or quantification whenever required...

Determinação silmutânea de teobromina, teofilina e cafeína em chás por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência / Simultaneous determination of the theobromine, theophylline and caffeine in teas by high permonance liquid chromatography

Para a realização deste trabalho, foram analisadas 10 amostras de diferentes tipos e marcas de chás com o objetivo de se quantificar teobromina, teofilina e cafeína silmultaneamente. Para tanto, otimizou-se técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) baseada na ISO 10095(1992), utilizando-se coluna Inertsil ODS-3 (150x4 mm, 5µm), fase móvel de ácido acético 1 por cento + acetonitrila (95:5, v/v), fluxo 1 mL/min e detector de UV/VIS ajustado em 273nm. Os resultados de cafeína obtidos por esse método foram comparados com os obtidos por um método espectrofotométrico de acordo com Schormüller (1970)...

Validaçäo de método de extraçäo supercrítica das sementes do Guaraná (Paullinia Cupana Kunt, Sapindaceae) / Evaluation method of supercritical extraction of Guarana seeds (Paullinia Cupana Kunt, Sapindaceae)

Em 1947, Messmore, obteve uma patente para a retirada do asfalto de petróleo usando fluídos supercríticos. Depois surgiram muitas patentes, principalmente, sobre a descafeinaçäo do café, a extraçäo do lúpulo e da nicotina. Novo estímulo surgiu com o programa da EPA de reduçäo do uso de produtos químicos até 1995, devido às emissões industriais tóxicas. Estas seriam responsáveis pelo aquecimento global do planeta. Muitos trabalhos publicados até hoje, recomendam o uso do CO2 e o método da extraçäo supercrítica, para a obtençäo de extratos naturais. Na área farmacêutica, a validaçäo de processos e metodologia analítica está plenamente aceita como atividade necessária e que tem produzido excelentes resultados...

Determinaçäo de cafeína em amostras de urina por injeçäo direta no HPLC / Determination of caffeine in urine samples by direct injection in to HPLC

Desenvolveu-se um método analítico para a extração e determinação das concentrações de cafeína em amostras de urina por cromatografia líquida de alta performance. O método envolve a injeção direta da amostra de urina em uma coluna cromatográfica ISRP (150mm X 4,6mm DI) empregando uma fase móvel composta por uma solução de fosfato dibásico de sódio 0,05 umol. L -1 (pH 8,0) e acetonitrila (90:10 v/v). As recuperações de cafeína presentes em amostras de urina fortificadas forma maiores que 98,40 mais ou menos 0,90 por cento com um desvio padrão relativo de 0,48 por cento. O limite de detecção para a determinação de cafeína foi de 0,1 mg.u L-1. O range de linearidade do detector foi determinado entre a s concentrações 0,1 a 18,0 ug.mL-1 para a cafeína.

Desarrollo y validación de la metodología analítica (HPLC) para cuantificar metamisol sódico y cafeína en gotas orales en presencia de isometepteno clorhidrato / Development and validation of an analytical methodology (HPLC) for the assay of sodium metamizole, isomethepten hydrochloride

La combinación metamisol sódico, cafeína e isometepteno clorhidrato se emplea en forma farmacéutica líquida oral para el tratamiento de la migraña y estados febriles. En este artículo se presentan los resultados del desarrollo, estandarización y validación de una metodología analítica por cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia para cuantificar simultáneamente metamisol sódico (dipirona) y cafeína en presencia de isometepteno clorhidrato. Para la separación cromatográfica se empleó una columna C18 para fase reversa y detección a 273 nm

Estudo químico das cascas do caule de Ziziphus joazeiro Martius / Chemical constituents of stem bark of Ziziphus joazeiro Martius

Nas identificacöes de lupeol, ácido betúlinico, cafeína e estearato de glicerila, isolados das cascas do caule de Ziziphus joazeiro Martius, empregaram-se além de técnicas espectroscópicas usuais, observaçöes anotadas durante o processo de extraçäo, isolamento e purificaçäo dessas substâncias. Análise cromatográfica frente a padräo autêntico foi, também, utilizada.